Htawm hpang na hkrang shapraw ai lamlithium-ion wan jak nisan seng ai wan jak mawdaw ni, plug-in hybrid wan jak mawdaw ni, n shamu n shamawt ai wan jak ni hpe jai lang ai jak ni a ra sharawng ai lam ni hpe hkap la lu ra ai. Novel anode materials ni hpe galaw nga ai ni a matu, capacity gaw ahkyak ai bungli galaw ai lam hpe madun ai masat kumla langai mi rai nga ai. N bung ai bai htang ai lam ni hpe madung tawn nna, theoretical atsam kaba ai candidate arung arai nkau mi hta, silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), silicon monoxide (SiO), tin (Sn), hte shi a oxide (SnOz) ni lawm nna, shingra tara atsam gaw 783 mA·g (SnOz a matu) kaw nna mA·g/h1 (m) du hkra rai nga ai. Ndai alloy arung arai ni gaw, htunghking graphite (372 mA·bg) hte lithium titanate (LTO, 175 mA·Ng) ni hte shingdaw yang, grau tsaw ai laksan atsam akyu ni hpe madun dan tim, charge hte discharge galaw ai aten hta shanhte hkrum sha ai nsen galai shai ai lam ni hte shawng nnan hta n mai nhtang wa ai atsam sum mat ai majaw, shanhte a asak hpe shadawn sharam da ya ai. Ndai manghkang ni hpe tawt lai lu na matu, sawk sagawn ai ni gaw, n-gun n-gun hpe nanoscale de shayawm kau nna, n-gun n rawng ai (sh) n-gun n rawng ai metallic lithium daw ni lawm ai composite material system ni hpe galaw na matu shakut ai zawn re ai ladat amyu myu hpe sawk sagawn wa sai. Ndai ladat ni hta, active lithium ja hpe alloy arung arai ni hte kayau nna, n-gun rawng ai buffer substrate hpe galaw ai gaw, cycle galaw ai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw lu ai atsam hpe madun dan sai. Dai hta n-ga, nanowires (sh) nanotubes zawn re ai nanostructures ni a morphologies amyu myu hpe jai lang ai gaw, n-gun kaba ai, rate kaja ai, galu kaba ai cycle prat hpe kayau kaya galaw lu ai kaja dik ai anode arung arai ni hpe lu la na matu mung, kaja dik ai ladat langai re ai hpe sakse madun nga ai.
Silicon hpe madung tawn ai anode arung arai ni
Silicon- hpe madung tawn ai anode arung arai ni gaw madung hku nna san seng ai silicon, silicon oxide, hte silicon/carbon n-gun ni hpe lang nna galaw da ai. Shanhte a theoretical atsam kaba ai, grup yin hpe makawp maga ai, shingra tara n-gun law law nga ai majaw, shanhte hpe hpang na-prat na n-gun kaba --density lithium-ion battery anodes ni a matu kaja dik ai lata la ai lam ngu nna masha law law sawn la ma ai. Miwa hpaji ninghkring ni gaw, lithium-ion battery ni hta nanoscale silicon hpe jai lang na ngu ai myit masa hpe mungkan hta shawng nnan tang madun ai ni rai ma ai. Miwa mungdan hta silicon sutgan law law nga ai hte mungkan- hta ningtawn ai elemental silicon galaw shapraw lu ai atsam hpe yu yang, silicon-madung tawn ai anode arung arai ni hpe sawk sagawn ai lam hte gyin shalat ai lam ni hpe grau grau galaw wa ai hte dai ni hpe lithium-ion battery ni hta jai lang ai lam gaw, 2019 ning a ahkyak ai htawm hpang hpaji masa ni hpe chye na na matu ahkyak dik rai nga ai. lithium-ion ngu ai baw ni hpe lang ai.
Htunghking graphite anode arung arai ni hte shingdaw yu yang, silicon gaw grau tsaw ai theoretical laksan atsam (4211 mA·h/g) hte grau n law ai delithiation atsam (0.5V) hpe madun dan ai. Myit yu hpa gaw, silicon a bungli galaw ai n-gun gaw graphite hta loi mi grau ai. Hkrang 5-9 hta silicon crystal kata na atom ni a laksan lajang da ai lam hpe madun da ai. Charge galaw ai shaloi, silicon hpe anode hku lang ai gaw, ntsa kaw na lithium n-gun hpe shayawm ya lu nna, battery hpe shim lum hkra galaw ya lu ai. Dai hta n-ga, silicon gaw law law nga ai hte manu n dan ai. Raitim, lithium{11}}ion battery anode ni hta silicon hpe bang ai shaloi mung, mayak mahkak nkau mi nga ai. Semiconductor arung arai langai hku nna, silicon gaw n-gun n kaja ai. Charge-discharge cycle law law galaw ngut ai hpang, lithium-ion bang nna shapraw ai majaw byin pru wa ai ahkyak ai volume galai shai ai lam ni gaw, arung arai ni hpe daw kau shangun nna, structural stability hpe hkra machyi shangun nna, active arung arai ni hpe current collector kaw na garan mat shangun chye ai, battery a prat hpe grai hkra machyi shangun chye ai. Dai hta n-ga, ndai nsen jat wa ai lam gaw, silicon ntsa hta ngang grin ai hte akyu rawng ai solid-state electrolyte interface (SED) film byin pru wa na hpe mung pat shingdang nga ai. Carbon matrix kata na san seng ai silicon (sh) shi a shinggyim hkum hkrang ni hpe maren mara garan kachyan ai gaw ndai manghkang ni hpe loi mi shayawm ya lu ai: maga mi de, shinggyim hkum hkrang a electronic conductivity yawng hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya lu ai; maga mi de, carbon nga ai gaw silicon volume galai shai ai majaw byin pru wa ai myit ru myit tsang lam hpe shayawm ya lu nna, electrode structure hpe hkra machyi ai lam hpe shayawm ya lu ai; kalang ta, carbon gaw SEI film hpe ngang grin ai hku byin tai wa hkra karum ya lu ai. Dai majaw, silicon hte carbon a akyu ni hpe kahkyin gumdin ai composite arung arai ni hpe, hpang na-prat na n-gun kaba ai-lithium-ion battery ni a matu kaja dik ai anode langai hku sawn la ma ai.
SiO
Silicon hta n-ga, silicon monoxide (SiO) hpe mung, 1600 mA·h/g hta jan ai theoretical atsam a majaw, lithium-ion battery ni a matu, anode arung arai langai hku nna mung sawn la ma ai. Dai hta n-ga, lithium-oxygen coordination gaw charge hte discharge galaw ai shaloi, n-gun kaji ai galai shai ai lam ni hpe tsun mayu ai. Ndai lam hta byin mai ai electrochemical n-gun atsam ni hta SiO hpe Si hte LiO de galai shai kau ai, dai hpang Li hte silicon-lithium alloy byin pru wa ai; shing nrai, silicon-lithium n-gun hte LixSiO2 hpe hkrak sha byin pru wa ai lam re. Myit yu hpa gaw, san seng ai n-gun ja ai SiO gaw gara nbung laru hta raitim thermodynamically n-gun n-rawng ai majaw, masa langai ngai hta, n bung ai n-gun (disproportionation reaction) hku nna, Si hte SiO2 de garan mat wa lu ai. Silicon hte maren, SiO mung lithium bang ai hte shaw la ai shaloi, grai kaba ai volume jat wa ai (sh) shayawm wa ai hpe hkrum sha nga ai. Dai hta n-ga, SiO gaw n kaja ai conductivity nga ai majaw, lithium-ion shang wa ai hte pru wa ai lam hpe loi loi sha galaw ya ai. Ndai lam ni hpe hparan na matu, bai nhtang wa lu ai atsam hpe jat wa hkra, shingra tara hpe n-gun jat wa hkra, sawk sagawn ai ni gaw ladat amyu myu hpe sawk sagawn wa sai. Dai ni hta, carbon coating hpaji masa, SiO hta lithium hpe electrochemical hku shayawm ai, SiO n-gun shayawm ai ladat ni hpe grau nna akyu rawng ai ladat ni hku sawn la ma ai. Grau nna, kaji ai particle ni hte carbon coatings ni hte kayau kaya galaw ai shaloi, lithium ion ni a diffusion lam hpe kaja wa sha kadun shangun lu ai, dai sha n-ga, electron hte ion ni hpe shalai ya lu ai atsam hpe mung grau kaja hkra galaw ya lu ai majaw, lahta e tsun lai wa sai mayak mahkak ni hpe lai di lu ai.
GE
Germanium gaw Liz2Ge5 stoichiometric ratio hta lithium hpe shinggyin la lu ai atsam (1623 mA·h/g) grai law ai majaw hte bai nhtang wa mai ai lithium hpe bang ai hte shaw la ai lam a majaw lithium-ion battery anode arung arai sawk sagawn ai hta grai myit lawm wa ai. Germanium gaw silicon hta manu grau hpu nna, n-gun loi mi yawm ai raitim, silicon hta na htam 10,000 daram conductivity hte band gap 0.67 eV sha nga ai zawn re ai ahkyak ai akyu ni hpe lu da ai. Hpaji sawk sagawn ai lam ni hta, germanium hta lawm ai lithium ions ni a diffusion rate gaw 360℃hta silicon hta htam 15 grau lawan nna, nta kata na nbung katsi ai shara hta htam 400 grau lawan ai hpe mu lu ai. Ndai atsam ni gaw germanium hpe grai kaja ai high-current discharge galaw lu ai atsam hte charge htaw sa ai atsam grau law hkra jaw ya ai. Ndai high-power galaw ai lam gaw, wan jak mawdaw zawn re ai, n-gun kaba ai -power shapraw ai lam ra ai application ni a matu grau ahkyak nga ai. Raitim, silicon hte maren, germanium mung 300% du hkra nsen jat wa ai manghkang hpe hkrum sha nga ai, dai gaw lithium-ion battery ni hta tatut jai lang na matu pat shingdang ai lam byin wa sai. Nanoparticles, nanowires, shing nrai nanotubes zawn re ai nanostructure hkrang ni hpe jai lang ai hku nna, nsen n-gun galai shai ai a n kaja ai akyu hpe hkrak sha shayawm lu nna, coulombic a n-gun hpe grau kaja hkra galaw lu ai. It is worth noting that the preparation of germanium nanoparticle-conductive substrate composites using simple methods such as solid-state pyrolysis can further optimize the electrochemical performance of the electrodes.
SnO2.
Fujifilm kaw nna shawng nnan galaw shapraw ai Tin dioxide (SnO2) gaw, theoretical atsam kaba ai hte bungli galaw ai n-gun n law ai (LiLi hte shingdaw yang, 0.6 eV daram) a majaw, lithium-ion battery ni a matu n kaja ai electrode arung arai langai hku nna, masha law law a myit hpe htuk shapraw ya lu ai. Electrochemical n-gun jat ai lam hta, shawng nnan e, daw mi n mai nhtang wa ai lahkam hpe lai di nna, SnO2 hpe magri tin (Sn) hte lithium oxide (LiO) de shayawm kau ai; dai hpang, nhtang wa mai ai daw byin pru wa nna, dai hta tin-lithium alloy byin pru wa ai hte htum mat wa ai lam lawm ai. Theory hku yu yang, SnO2 mole langai mi gaw 8.4 mol lithium hte shingdaw lu ai, theory hku yu yang 1491 mA·h/g atsam hte bung ai. Raitim, shawng nnan na shayawm ai n-gun atsam a n-gun n law ai hpe myit yu yang, tatut jai lang ai lam ni hta, hpang na alloying/dealloying galaw ai lam a majaw byin pru wa ai akyu rawng ai atsam hpe sha-783 mA·h/g{{13}n} daram hpe madung tawn nna myit yu nna, ndai manu hpe tatut jai lang ai arung arai SO2 a atsam hku nna jai lang ai. Dai hta n-ga, charge-discharge cycles ni hta, ndai arai gaw grai kaba ai volume jat wa ai (200% jan) hpe hkrum sha ai majaw, grai sawng ai atsam sum mat wa ai. Ndai lam a matu, sawk sagawn ai ni gaw SnO2 a cycling stability hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu hte volume galai shai ai majaw n mai nhtang wa ai atsam sum mat ai hpe ladat amyu myu hku nna shayawm na matu ap nawng nga ma ai.