2019 ning hta ahkyak dik htum galaw ai arawn alai langai mi.n-gun mahkawng da ai battery nigaw shanhte a discharge galaw ai lam re. Battery a discharge behavior hpe masa amyu myu hta masat masa galaw na matu, battery a discharge curve hpe shadawn ra ai, dai gaw aten ladaw hta discharge voltage galai shai ai lam hpe madun ai curve langai mi rai nga ai. N bung ai hka pru ai masa ni hpe hka pru ai ladat ni hku nna masat da ai rai nna, hka pru ai ladat amyu myu gaw hka pru ai curve n bung ai hpe shabyin ya na re. Discharge ladat ni hta, discharge ladat, discharge n-gun, jahtum n-gun, grup yin nbung katsi ai lam ni lawm ai.
Hprawng shapraw ai ladat
Battery langai mi hta n-gun yawm mat ai lam masum nga ai: n-gun n-gun n-htum ai, n-gun n-htum ai, n-gun n-htum ai. Ndai discharge masa masum a npu e discharge current, voltage, power ni hta galai shai ai lam ni hpe madun da ai sumla 1-5 hta discharge curve ni hpe madun da ai.
Constant-resistance n-gun pru ai aten hta, battery a bungli galaw ai n-gun hte n-gun pru ai n-gun gaw aten ladaw ni na wa ai hte maren loi loi hte yawm mat wa ai. Dai hte maren, n galai shai ai-current discharge npu hta, discharge matut galaw ai shaloi, bungli galaw ai voltage mung yawm mat wa ai. Ndai zawn aten galu n-gun dat ai hte rau bungli galaw ai voltage yawm mat ai gaw battery kata na n-gun jat wa ai majaw re. Dai hta n-ga, wan jak jak ni, wan jak mawdaw ni hte kaga bungli ni hta battery n-gun hpe jai lang ai lam law wa ai hte maren, n-gun n-htum n-wai-power discharge galaw ai lam grau grau byin wa nga ai. Constant-power discharge galaw ai aten hta, battery a n-gun gaw matut manoi yawm wa nna, n-gun shayawm ai lam rawt jat wa ai hte maren, n-gun shayawm ai current gaw matut manoi jat wa ai.
Ya aten na dat dat ai
Battery lang ai aten hta, shi pru wa ai current hpe discharge current ngu shamying ma ai. Discharge current hpe discharge rate ngu nna mung tsun shaga ma ai, hkying hkum shagu na rate (hkying hkum shagu na rate ngu nna mung shamying ai) hte multiplier hpe lang nna tsun shapraw chye ma ai.
Discharge rate ngu ai gaw, battery langai a n-gun yawm ai aten hpe shadawn ai, n-gun yawm ai hpe tsun mayu ai. Grau nna, battery a n-gun hpe hkum tsup hkra shapraw na matu ra ai aten hpe, masat da ai discharge current hpe lang nna, hkying hkum (h) hku nna tsun ai aten re. Ga shadawn, 10 amp-hours (A·h) ngu ai rated capacity nga ai battery langai a matu, 2A current hte n-gun dat dat ai rai yang, dai hte maren n-gun dat dat ai aten gaw hkying hkum 5 (10A·h/2A=5h) rai nna, lachyum gaw battery gaw hkying hkum 5 daram n-gun dat dat ai.
Discharge rate ngu ai gaw, aten masat da ai laman battery a n-gun yawng hpe tup hkrak shapraw kau ai shaloi, battery a rated capacity a law law lang hku nna tsun ai, ya aten na manu hpe tsun mayu ai. Ga shadawn, 2C discharge ngu ai gaw, discharge current gaw battery a rated capacity hta lahkawng lang law ai hpe tsun mayu ai, law malawng gaw 2C hte madun ai (dai kaw C gaw battery a rated capacity hpe madi madun ai). 10A·h rated capacity nga ai battery langai a matu, 2C discharge (ndai kaw dimensional manghkang nga ai, ngu ai gaw, capacity hte current a unit ni n bung ai, raitim ndai gaw masha law malawng lang ai re majaw, n galai shai na re) ngu ai gaw discharge ra5h (A) hte bung ai. Battery amyu myu hte hkrang shapraw ai lam ni gaw, n-gun dat dat ai masa hta n bung ai hku galai shai lu ai atsam nga ai: nkau mi gaw n-gun n law ai-n-gun dat dat ai aten hta grau htuk manu ai, nkau mi gaw n-gun dat dat ai aten hta grau kaja ai. Madung hku nna, 0.5C hta npu (sh) dai hte maren sha pru wa ai n-gun hpe low rates ngu shamying ma ai; 0.5C hte 3.5C lapran na ni hpe gaw medium rates ngu shamying ma ai; 3.5C hte 7C lapran na ni hpe gaw high rates ngu shamying ma ai; hte 7C hta jan ai ni hpe gaw ultra-high rates ngu shamying ma ai.
Hpang jahtum na wan n-gun
Battery hpe jahkrat kau ai aten hta, shawng nnan na voltage manu hpe, shawng nnan na bungli galaw ai voltage ngu nna lachyum shaleng da ai; voltage gaw matut nna n-gun dat dat na matu n mai byin ai threshold de hkrat sum mat ai shaloi, ndai voltage shara hpe termination voltage ngu shamying ma ai. Ndai termination voltage a hkrak manu hpe, chyam dinglik ai wa gaw, teng sha chyam dinglik ra ai lam ni hte lai wa sai aten na mahkrum madup ni hpe madung tawn nna, masat da ai.
Set termination voltage gaw n bung ai discharge masa ni hte battery a n-gun hte asak galu ai lam hpe gara hku hkra machyi shangun ai hta hkan nna shai hkat nga ai. Lawu na termination voltage ni hpe n-gun n law ai-n-gun n law ai shara ni hta (sh) n-gun law ai -n-gun dat dat ai masa hta lang ai rai nna, n-gun dat n-gun n law ai -n-gun dat dat ai masa hta lang ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, battery electrode lapran na polarization gaw n-gun n law ai (sh) n-gun law ai aten hta grai law wa ai majaw, active materials ni hpe n hkum tsup hkra jai lang lu ai majaw, voltage grau lawan ai hku hkrat sum mat ai majaw re. Dai majaw, termination voltage hpe hkrak hkra jahkrat kau ai gaw, n-gun grau law hkra shapraw ya lu ai. Dai hte maren, low-current discharge hpe lang ai shaloi, battery kata na active daw ni hpe grau nna jai lang lu ai. Ndai masa hta, sung ai n-gun hpe pat shingdang na matu, termination voltage hpe jat ai gaw, battery a prat tup hpe kaja wa sha galu shangun lu ai.
grup yin katsi kahtet
Hkrang 1-6 hta madun da ai hte maren, grup yin nbung katsi ai lam gaw discharge curve hpe grai hkra machyi shangun ai. Katsi ai shara ni hta, discharge curve gaw grai n-gun n rawng ai masa hpe madun dan ai; rai tim, nbung katsi ai hte maren, ndai galai shai ai lam gaw grau grau sawng wa ai. Madung lam gaw, nbung katsi ai aten hta, ion ni a htawt sit ai lam yawm mat nna, ohmic kata na ninghkap ai lam law wa ai majaw re. Grai sawng ai masa hta, nbung n-gun grai yawm mat yang, electrolyte gaw katsi mat nna, battery a normal discharge process hpe pat shingdang kau ya lu ai. Dai hta n-ga, n-gun n law ai shara ni hta, electrochemical polarization hte concentration polarization ni gaw maren sha jat wa ai majaw, n-gun dat dat ai n-gun a htum mat ai lam hpe grau lawan shangun ai.
Hkrang 1-6 N bung ai grup yin nbung katsi ai shara ni hta lead-acid battery ni a n-gun dat dat ai lam ni
Atsam hte laksan atsam marai .
Battery capacity ngu ai gaw, n-gun n-gun shayawm ai masa nkau mi hta, battery kaw na wan n-gun kade daram lu la mai ai hpe tsun mayu ai. Dai unit hpe ampere-hkying hkum (Ah) hku nna tsun ai. Tengman ai masa hta hkan nna, battery a n-gun hpe theoretical n-gun, tengman ai n-gun, rated n-gun ngu nna matut nna garan mai ai.
Theoretical capacity (Co) ngu ai gaw, battery a electrochemical reaction hta, n-gun rawng ai arung arai ni hkum tsup hkra shang lawm ai shaloi, kaja dik ai masa hta jaw ya lu ai wan n-gun hpe tsun mayu ai. Ndai manu hpe Faraday a tara hpe hkan nna, active material a mass hpe madung tawn nna sawn la ai. Faraday a tara hta, electrode kaw na shingjawng ai lam hta shang lawm ai arung arai a n-gun (mass) hte dai arung arai htawt sit ai charge a n-gun lapran hta, direct proportional matut mahkai lam nga ai ngu tsun da ai; mol active material gaw battery a electrochemical galaw ai lam hta shang lawm ai shaloi, 26.8 A·h (sh) 1 farad (F) hte maren ai charge hpe shapraw lu ai. Dai majaw lawu na jahpan formula nga ai:
Formula hta m gaw, dai active substance hpe tsep kawp bai htang ai shaloi, dai a mass hpe tsun ai; n gaw, lwi ai n-gun (flow reaction) hta lu la ai (sh) sum mat ai electron ni a jahpan rai nga ai; hte M gaw n-gun rawng ai arung arai a molar mass re.
Formula hta K hpe gaw, n-gun rawng ai arung arai a electrochemical bung ai ngu tsun ma ai.
Equation (1.5) hta madun da ai hte maren, electrode langai a theoretical atsam gaw, n-gun rawng ai arung arai a mass hte electrochemical bung ai n-gun hte matut mahkai nga ai. Active material a mass bung ai hte, electrochemical bung ai n-gun kaji wa yang, theoretical atsam kaba wa ai. Electrode arung arai nkau mi a electrochemical bung ai lam ni hpe Table 1-3 hta madun da ai.
Table 1-3 Electrode arung arai nkau mi a wan n-gun hte bung ai lam ni
| N kaja ai Electrode arung arai | N-gun (g/cm3) | Laksan n-gun (mA·h/g) | Kaja ai Electrode arung arai | N-gun (g/cm3) | Laksan n-gun (mA·h/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H₂ | - | 0.037 | O₂ | - | 0.30 |
| Li | 0.534 | 0.259 | SOCl2 | 1.63 | 2.22 |
| Mg | 0.74 | 0.454 | Lai wa sai ten | 7.4 | 2.31 |
| Al | 2.699 | 0.335 | SO2 | 1.37 | 2.38 |
| Fe | 7.85 | 1.04 | MnO2 | 5.0 | 3.24 |
| Zn | 7.1 | 1.22 | NiOOH | 7.4 | 3.42 |
| Cd | 8.65 | 2.10 | Ag2O | 7.1 | 4.33 |
| (Li)Cl2 | 2.25 | 2.68 | PbO2 | 9.3 | 4.45 |
| Pb | 11.34 | 3.87 | I₂ | 4.94 | 4.73 |
Dai hta n-ga, tengman ai atsam hte masat da ai atsam ngu ai masa ni hpe mung lang chye ma ai. Actual capacity ngu ai gaw, battery langai mi gaw, masat da ai discharge masa hta jaw ya lu ai wan n-gun yawng hpe tsun mayu ai. Tengman ai atsam hpe theoretical maximum value hku nna sha n-ga, laksan discharge masa ni hku nna mung shadawn sharam da ai.
Rated capacity chyawm gaw, battery hpe hkrang shapraw ai hte galaw shapraw ai aten hta masat da ai madang langai mi rai nga ai; ngu ai gaw, masat da ai discharge masa hta battery lu la ra ai n-gun yawm dik htum hpe nominal capacity ngu nna mung shamying ma ai.
Series langai sha kata na battery amyu myu hpe shingdaw yu ai shaloi, jep joi ai lam a matu, laksan capacity hpe lang ai. Grau nna, laksan n-gun ngu ai gaw, battery langai mi gaw unit mass (sh) volume langai hta jaw lu ai wan n-gun hpe tsun mayu ai, ngu ai gaw, mass laksan n-gun (Ah/kg) hte volumetric laksan n-gun (Ah/L) hpe tsun mayu ai. Ahkyak ai gaw, battery langai a n-gun hte n-gun hpe sawn la ai shaloi, electrode arung arai ni hte electrolyte hpe myit yu ai hta n-ga, battery a kaga daw ni hpe mung myit yu ra ai, ga shadawn, casing, separator, hte dai hte seng ai conductive daw ni hpe mung myit yu ra ai. Grau nna, shingbyi shara battery hte wan sau cell ni a matu, yawng mass hte volume hta ra kadawn ai karum shingtau arung arai yawng mung lawm ai, ga shadawn, ntsin hpe shingbyi na matu tank ni, activation device ni (hpyen wan sau cell ni a matu), shing nrai, active material shingbyi shara hte jaw ya ai ladat ni, hkang zing ai ladat ni, katsi ai jak ni, etc. (wan sau cell ni a matu).
Specific capacity ngu ai myit masa hpe shachyen ya ai hku nna, amyu myu hte n bung ai battery ni a bungli galaw ai lam hpe shingdaw mai ai. Battery a n-gun hpe theoretical n-gun hte actual n-gun ngu nna garan nna tsun ai; dai hte maren, laksan atsam marai hta mung theoretical hte actual lam ni nga ai.
N-gun hte laksan n-gun
Battery energy ngu ai gaw, laksan n-gun dat masa hta bungli galaw ai shaloi, battery kaw na pru wa ai wan n-gun yawng hpe tsun mayu ai rai nna, dai hpe watt-hours (W·h) hku nna tsun ai. Battery n-gun hta mung theoretical n-gun hte tengman ai n-gun nga ai.
Battery hpe n-gun dat dat ai shaloi, n-gun dat dat ai shaloi, n-gun dat dat ai n-gun gaw, shi a n-gun dat n-gun hte maren sha rai nga ai ngu sawn la yang, dai hta n-ga, active material yawng gaw, chemical reaction hta shang lawm ai ngu sawn la yang, battery jaw ya ai n-gun gaw, shi a theoretical maximum energy Wo hte maren sha rai ra ai.
Battery langai a theoretical energy gaw, n-gun n-htum ai, n-gun n-htum ai, n-gun n-htum ai masa ni hta galaw ai non-volume bungli kaba dik htum re.
Actual energy (W) ngu ai gaw, battery langai mi hpe n-gun n-gun shayawm ai masa nkau mi hta teng sha jaw ya ai n-gun hpe tsun mayu ai. Dai hpe nambat hku nna lu la ai gaw, tengman ai atsam hpe shadawn shadang bungli galaw ai voltage hte law htam ai hku nna lu la ai re. Battery kata na active materials ni hpe tup hkrak n mai jai lang ai majaw, shi a bungli galaw ai voltage gaw theoretical electromotive force hta grau n law ai majaw, tengman ai n-gun gaw theoretical n-gun hta galoi mung n law ai.
Specific energy ngu ai gaw, battery langai mi kaw na shapraw ai n-gun hpe unit mass (sh) unit volume langai hta shapraw ai hpe tsun mayu ai. Battery a unit mass langai hta pru ai n-gun hpe mass hte seng ai n-gun ngu nna lachyum shaleng da ai, dai hpe kilogram langai hta watt-hours (Wh/kg) hku nna shadawn ai. Battery a unit volume langai hta pru wa ai n-gun hpe volumetric laksan n-gun ngu nna lachyum shaleng da ai, dai hpe litre mi hta watt-hours (Wh/L) hku nna tsun ai. Dai hta n-ga, laksan n-gun atsam ngu ai hpe theoretical (W) hte actual (W) ngu nna bai garan nna, theoretical mass laksan n-gun atsam hpe equation (1.9) hpe lang nna sawn la mai ai:
Formula hta, K+ gaw, kaja ai electrode arung arai hte maren sha re ai electrochemical rai nga ai; K- gaw n kaja ai electrode arung arai hte maren sha re ai electrochemical rai nga ai; hte E gaw battery wan n-gun n-gun re.
Power hte laksan power .
Battery power ngu ai gaw, laksan n-gun dat dat ai masa hta, battery langai a unit aten langai hta n-gun shapraw ai hpe tsun mayu ai rai nna, shi a shadawn shadang unit gaw watt (W) shing nrai kilowatt (kW) rai nga ai. Ndai pru wa ai atsam hpe battery a mass (sh) volume hte seng nna myit yu yang, specific power ngu ai myit masa hpe lu la mai ai. Grau nna, mass specific power gaw, battery langai a unit mass watts kade daram n-gun jaw lu ai hpe shadawn nna, shi a unit gaw W/kg rai nga ai; volumetric laksan n-gun gaw battery a unit volume langai kaw na pru wa ai n-gun hpe madun dan nna, dai hte maren unit gaw W/L rai nga ai.
Power hte laksan power gaw battery langai a discharge rate hpe madun ai. Battery power grau law ai ngu ai gaw, battery gaw current kaba ai (sh) rate kaba ai aten hta discharge byin wa lu ai ngu ai lachyum re. Ga shadawn, zinc-gumhpraw battery gaw, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n law ai hte n-gun n-gun n-gun n law ai hpe madun ai. Dai hte nhtan shai ai hku nna, zinc-manganese dry cell battery gaw, n-gun n law ai shara hta bungli galaw ai shaloi, 10 W/kg ngu ai laksan n-gun hpe sha lu la ai, dai gaw, kata na n-gun kaba ai hte, -rate n-gun n law ai hpe madun ai. Battery n-gun hte maren, n-gun mung theoretical n-gun hte tengman ai n-gun nga ai.
Battery langai a theoretical power hpe ndai hku tsun mai ai:
Formula hta t gaw aten re; Co gaw battery a theory atsam hpe tsun ai; ngai gaw ya aten hta rai nga ai.
Battery a power majing gaw:
Formula hta, ngai .2R gaw battery kata na resistance a majaw jai lang ai power hpe madi madun ai. Ndai n-gun gaw, n-gun dat ai lit a matu akyu n nga ai; shi hpe madung hku nna heat energy de galai shai nna heat hku nna shapraw kau ai.
Cycle prat
Battery ni a matu, cycle life, shing nrai, lang ai cycle gaw, battery a bungli galaw ai lam hpe jep joi na matu ahkyak ai masat kumla langai mi rai nga ai. Hkum tsup ai charge-discharge cycle shagu hpe battery langai a matu aten ladaw langai hku sawn la ai.
Specific charge-discharge masa hta, battery langai a atsam gaw masat da ai manu langai ngai de n hkrat shi yang, hkam sharang lu ai cycle jahpan hpe shi a cycle prat (sh) jai lang ai aten ngu nna lachyum shaleng da ai. Cycle prat galu wa yang, battery a cycle performance grau kaja wa na re.Battery amyu myu gaw cycle prat n bung ai hpe madun dan ai; ga shadawn, nickel-cadmium battery ni gaw wan hku law ai cycle hpe lu la mai ai, zinc-gumhpraw battery ni gaw cycle n law ai, nkau mi gaw latsa pyi n law ai. Battery langai sha re ai battery ni pyi, shanhte a kata na structure n bung ai majaw, cycle life n bung ai hpe sadi ra ai.
Battery langai a cycle life hpe lam amyu myu a majaw hkra machyi shangun ai. Hkrak ai hku jai lang ai hte gram lajang ai hta n-ga, lawu na ahkyak ai lam ni hpe mung hkan sa ra ai: 1 Charge-discharge cycles aten hta, active material a ntsa lamu ga gaw loi loi hte yawm mat wa ai majaw, bungli galaw ai current density law wa nna, polarization grau ja wa ai; Electrode ni hta nga ai active daw ni gaw garan mat (sh) htawt sit mat chye ai; Battery lang ai aten hta, electrode arung arai nkau mi gaw n-gun yawm mat chye ai; Cycle jawn ai shaloi electrode ni hta byin pru wa ai dendrites ni gaw battery kata na circuit kadun ai lam byin shangun chye ai; Separator gaw hkra machyi chye ai; Active material a crystal hkrang gaw, charge-discharge cycle ni hpe bai kahtap galaw ai shaloi galai shai wa ai majaw, shi a shamu shamawt lam hpe shayawm kau ya ai.
Storage galaw lu ai atsam
Battery hpe shinggyin tawn ai atsam gaw, grup yin masa (katsi ai hte katsi ai zawn re ai) ni hta hpaw da ai-circuit masa hta nga ai shaloi, battery kata na shingra tara n-gun sum mat ai madang hpe tsun mayu ai. Ndai mabyin hpe self-discharge ngu nna mung shamying ma ai. Storage galaw ai shaloi n-gun sum ai shadawn shadang kaji ai rai yang, battery gaw grai kaja ai storage galaw lu ai atsam nga ai hpe madun ai.
Battery langai mi gaw hpaw da ai-circuit masa hta nga ai shaloi, shinggan de wan n-gun n jaw tim, shi hkum shi -discharge galaw ai lam hpe naw hkrum sha nga ai. Ndai mabyin gaw madung hku nna, electrolyte grup yin kata na electrode ni a thermodynamic n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai majaw, electrode lapran hta n-gun n-rawng ai redox n-gun ni byin pru wa ai majaw byin pru wa ai re. Hka lim ai shara hta pyi, seal n-gun n rawng yang, shinggan na nbung (sh) hka lim ai lam ni shang wa ai gaw, battery kata de self-discharge effect hpe naw shabyin ya lu ai.
Self-discharge rate hpe mung, battery hpe shinggyin tawn da ai shaloi, masat da ai manu de hkrat sum na matu ra ai nhtoi jahpan hku nna mung tsun mai ai, dai hpe shelf life ngu shamying ma ai.Dry shelf life hte wet shelf life nga ai. Ga shadawn, n-gun n rawng ai battery langai hpe, n lang shi yang, electrolyte n bang ai sha, aten galu n-gun rawng hkra tawn da mai ai; dai zawn re ai battery gaw galu kaba ai hku htum mat lu ai. Electrolyte hte shinggyin tawn da ai hpe wet shinggyin tawn da ai ngu shamying ma ai; hka hta shinggyin tawn da ai gaw, grau n-gun ja ai self-discharge effect hpe jaw ya nna, hka hta tawn da ai aten hpe grau kadun shangun ai. Ga shadawn, zinc-silver battery gaw 5–8 ning laman hkyet mat ai aten hpe hkam la lu nna, hka n-gun rawng ai aten gaw shata loi mi sha nga ai.