Cathode arung arai gaw lithium ions ni a madung npawt nhpang rai nga ai.lithium -ion wan jak. Charge galaw ai shaloi, lithium ion ni gaw cathode arung arai a kristal lattice kaw na shaw la nna anode arung arai kata de shang wa ai; reverse gaw discharge galaw ai shaloi byin pru wa ai. Cathode arung arai hpe charge galaw ai hte charge galaw ai shaloi, nhtang wa lu ai atsam hte voltage plateau gaw, lithium-ion battery a n-gun atsam hpe grai dawdan ya ai. Dai hta n-ga, cathode arung arai hta lithium, cobalt, nickel zawn re ai nlung ni lawm ai majaw, lithium-ion battery a manu hta ahkyak dik htum ai daw langai mi rai nga ai.
N-gun n-gun kaba ai, pru wa ai n-gun kaba ai, aten galu lang ai, galaw shapraw na matu loi ai cathode arung arai ni hpe gyin shalat ai gaw ahkyak kaba rai nga ai. Kaja dik ai cathode material langai gaw lawu na madung masa ni hpe hkan sa ra ai.
(1) Redox potential grai law ai majaw, battery a matu pru wa ai voltage grai law hkra galaw ya lu ai.
(2) Lithium ion law law hpe mai byin ai daram hkam la lu ai majaw, battery n-gun grai law hkra lu la mai ai.
(3) Lithium ions ni hpe bang nna shaw la ai aten hta, cathode arung arai gaw shi a hkrang hpe ngang grin hkra galaw lu ai majaw, electrode a matu galu kaba ai cycle prat hpe hkam la lu ai.
(4) Grai kaja ai electronic hte ion conductivity hpe lu da ai majaw, polarization effects a majaw byin pru wa ai n-gun sum ai lam hpe atsawm sha shayawm ya lu ai majaw, battery hpe lawan ai hku charge hte discharge galaw lu ai atsam ni hpe hkam la lu ai.
(5) Battery a bungli galaw ai voltage n-gun gaw, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun (electrochemical stability range) kata kaw rai ra ai, dai hku nna, n-gun n-gun hte n-gun n-gun lapran n ra ai chemical reaction ni hpe shayawm kau lu na re.
(6) Manu n law ai hte asan sha galaw shapraw ai ladat nga ai sha n-ga, grup yin hpe mung grai makawp maga ai lam hpe madun dan ra ai.
Dai hta n-ga, cathode arung arai gaw grai kaja ai electrochemical hte thermal n-gun hpe mung madun dan ra ai.
Ya nga ai cathode arung arai ni hpe madung hku nna shanhte a kristal hkrang shai hkat ai lam ni hpe madung tawn nna, garan ginhka mai ai: 1 layer hkrang, ga shadawn, lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) hte ternary arung arai (LiNiCo, Mni-x-yO2); olivine nsam, lithium magri n-gun (LiFePO4) zawn re ai; spinel hkrang masa n-gun dat ni, n-gun dat (LiMn2O4) hte n-gun dat (LiNi10.5Mn1.5O4) zawn re ai n-gun dat ni hpe n-gun dat dat ai. Cathode amyu myu gaw n bung ai n-gun n-gun, electrochemical arawn alai, manu jahpu ni n bung ai majaw, jahtum e shanhte hpe n bung ai ginra hte jai lang ai masa ni hta htuk manu hkra galaw ya ai. Layered structure cathode arung arai ni ngu ai gaw, madung hku nna, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, hte lithium-law ai manganese oxide ni lawm ai, n-gun n rawng ai n-gun n rawng ai cathode arung arai ni hpe tsun mayu ai. Dai ni hta, ya aten hta digital electronic arung arai ni hte power lithium-ion battery ni a matu jai lang ai cathode arung arai ni gaw, ya aten hta grau nna jai lang nga ai cathode arung arai ni rai nga ai. Shanhte gaw n-gun atsam grai law ai, cycle galaw ai lam grai kaja ai, yawng hkra galaw lu ai atsam kaja ai ni rai nga ai, raitim, nickel, cobalt, manganese zawn re ai nhprang dat ni law law lawm ai majaw manu grau law hkra jai lang ra ai.
Litium kobalt oksaid cathode arung arai
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) hpe American hpaji ninghkring kaba, Chemistry hpaji hta Nobel kumhpa lu ai J.B. Dai ni aten hta mung, lithium cobalt oxide gaw, n-gun n-gun grau law ai cathode arung arai langai mi hku nna naw nga nga ai. Ndai lam a majaw, n-gun kaba ai digital pouch cell arung arai ni hta, n-gun kaba ai phone, smartwatch, Bluetooth headset ni hta grai lang ai.
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), as one of the earliest commercially available cathode materials, possesses a volumetric energy density unmatched by other cathode materials. Electrodes prepared from LiCoO2 can achieve a compaction density exceeding 4.2 g/cm², and a specific capacity of 185 mA·h/g at high voltage (>4.45V). Dai hta n-ga, LiCoO2 gaw grau kaja ai electronic hte ionic conductivity, n-gun atsam hpe jai lang lu ai, lawan ai-charge galaw lu ai atsam ni hpe madun dan ai majaw, ya aten na jai lang ai electronic battery ni a ra kadawn ai lam ni hpe hkan sa lu ai majaw, jai lang ai lam amyu myu nga ai. Ndai atsam ni hpe madung tawn nna, LiCoO2 gaw dai ni du hkra kaja dik htum cathode arung arai langai mi hku nna naw nga nga ai.
Lithium cobalt oxide hpe madung galaw ai ladat ni gaw, n-gun kaba ai -hkum hkrang n-gun rawng ai, sol{2}}gel galaw ai, n-gun n law ai coprecipitation ni rai nga ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, n-gun ja ai lithium sau hte cobalt-lawm ai oxides (sh) hydroxides ni hpe masat da ai stoichiometric ratio hta kayau nna, dai kayau ai hpe aten masat da ai aten laman hta htuk manu ai n-gun hta calcining galaw nna, dai hpang obta hpe katsi shangun nna, sample to, n-gun rawng hkra galaw ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, n-gun ja ai -temperature solid-state synthesis ladat hpe hpaga lam hta grai lang ai raitim, aten-la ra ai, n-gun ja ai n-gun ja ai n-gun ra ai, n bung ai, n bung ai powder kaba ni hpe stoichiometric deviations ni hte galaw shapraw lu ai majaw, manu jahpu law law jat wa ai.
Phosphate cathode arung arai ni
1997 ning hta Goodenough hte kaga ni. shawng nnan lang lithium-ion battery ni a matu cathode arung arai hku nna lithium magri phosphate (LiFePO4) hpe tang madun da ai.
Manu n law ai, ngang grin ai hkrang masa, shim lum ai lam grai law ai majaw, ndai arung arai gaw, wan jak Bus ni hte n-gun shinggyin ai jak ni hta lithium-ion battery ni a matu ra sharawng ai cathode arung arai langai mi hku nna, loi loi hte byin wa sai.
Lithium magri n-gun (LiFePO4) gaw magri n-gun (FePO4) hte bung ai n-gun rawng ai hkrang hte n-gun rawng ai hkrang hpe garan gachyan nga ai. Lachyum gaw, lithium-ion bang/shaw ai shaloi, dai arai gaw volume galai shai ai lam hpe loi mi sha hkam sha lu ai majaw, volume jat wa ai (sh) shayawm wa ai majaw byin wa ai lattice hkra machyi ai lam hpe atsawm sha pat shingdang lu ai. Dai hta n-ga, ndai arawn alai gaw, n-gun dat ni hte n-gun dat jat ai arung arai ni a lapran kaja ai wan n-gun matut mahkai lam hpe madi shadaw ya ai majaw, grai kaja ai cycle stability hte asak galu ai lam hpe lu la shangun ai. Dai hta n-ga, lithium iron phosphate gaw grup yin hpe n hkra ai, manu jahpu-htuk manu ai, shim lum ai lam grai kaja ai, laksan n-gun kaba ai (170 mA·h/g daram), hte ngang grin ai charge/discharge platform ni a majaw mying kaba ai. Ndai akyu ni hpe yu yang, lithium iron phosphate hpe n-gun kaba -hkum tsup ai shara ni hta cathode arung arai ni a matu kaja dik ai lata la ai lam hku sawn la ma ai.
Ladat ni hta sol-gel galaw ai ladat ni, coprecipitation ladat ni, hka n-gun rawng ai ladat ni lawm ai. Grau nna, hydrothermal synthesis gaw, n-gun hte n-gun hpe jat ya ai hku nna, autoclave kata na yaw shada ai arung arai hpe hkrak sha shapraw ya ai, lawan ladan lu la mai ai magri, lithium, hte phosphorus n-gun ni hpe raw material hku jai lang ai. Ndai ladat gaw asan sha galaw lu ai, kaji ai hte maren sha re ai particle size, n-gun n law ai ladat ni a majaw chye ai. Raitim, hpaga lam hta galaw shapraw ai lam hta shadawn sharam ai lam ni nga ai, madung gaw laksan galaw da ai n-gun-hkap la lu ai hka htung ni ra ai majaw re. Maga mi de, Coprecipitation hpe gaw, hka htung masa hta galaw ai rai nna, dai hta, precursor morphology hpe, n-gun rawng ai lam, n-gun rawng ai lam hpe hkang lu ai, pH hpe gram lajang ai lam, n-gun rawng ai lam ni zawn re ai lam amyu myu a majaw hkra machyi shangun ai. Ndai parameters ni gaw hpang jahtum na sintered LiFePO material hpe galaw ai hta dawdan lu ai lit hpe myit yu yang, chyam dinglik masa ni hpe atsawm sha lata la na matu ahkyak nga ai. Ndai ladat hte shajin da ai arung arai ni gaw grai kaja ai microstructure arawn alai (dai gaw, kaji ai hte maren sha re ai particle size) hpe lu ai sha n-ga, grau kaja ai electrochemical arawn alai ni hpe mung madun dan ai; rai tim, bungli galaw ai lam yawng gaw grai sawng ai hpe sadi ra ai, bungli galaw ai shaloi hka ja ai lam hta yak hkak ai lam ni hte awu asin hpe hparan ai lam hta manghkang ni byin chye ai.
Lithium mangan oxide hte litium-law ai mangan - hpe madung tawn ai cathode arung arai ni
Lithium manganese oxide
Lithium{0}}ion battery cathode arung arai ni hpe sawk sagawn ai hta, kaga ahkyak ai hte hpaga yumga galaw mai ai cathode arung arai langai mi gaw, Thackeray et al ni tang madun da ai spinel-htuk manu ai lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) cathode arung arai rai nga ai. 1983 ning hta Spinel-htuk manu ai lithium manganese oxide gaw cubic nlung nsam hta lawm ai. Shi a laklai ai chemical gaw LiMn2O4 re. LiMn2O4 nlung nsam hta, oxygen gaw myi man-centred cubic close-packed hkrang hta nga ai rai nna, manganese hte oxygen gaw octahedral hkrang hpe hpaw da ai, lawu na sumla hta mu lu ai.
Manganese gaw shingra tara hta law law nga ai, spinel-hpan lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) hpe hkyen lajang ai ladat ni gaw amyu myu a arawn alai ni hpe madun dan nga ai. Dai arai hpe shinggyin la ai lam hte galaw shapraw ai hpaji masa gaw, hpang jahtum na arai a microstructure hte grain rawt jat galu kaba wa ai lam hpe hkrak sha hkra machyi shangun ai. Dai majaw, ndai synthesis ladat ni hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ai gaw, tatut jai lang ai lam ni hta electrode arung arai ni a electrochemical bungli hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu ahkyak nga ai. Ya aten hta, hpaga lam hte hpaji ninghkring ni gaw LiMn2O4 hpe shajin na matu madung ladat lahkawng hpe law law lang nga ma ai: langai gaw, n-gun ja ai arung arai ni a lapran na matut mahkai lam hpe madung tawn ai, ga shadawn, n-gun ja ai n-gun ja ai arung arai ni a lapran na matut mahkai lam ni hpe madung tawn nna, n-gun ja ai n-gun ja ai n-gun ja ai arung arai ni a lapran na matut mahkai lam ni hpe madung tawn nna, microwave-karum ai n-gun ja ai arung arai ni a lapran na matut mahkai lam ni hpe madung tawn ai.
Kaga garan ginhka ai lam langai gaw, hka n-gun rawng ai makau grup yin hta chemical galai shai ai lam lawm ai, dai hta, sol-gel hpaji masa, hka n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai ladat, coprecipitation ladat ni lawm ai, laklai ai ga shadawn ni lawm ai. LiMnzO4 gaw manu dan ai, nbung n-gun grai kaja ai, n-gun ja ai overcharge hpe ninghkap lu ai, grup yin hpe kaja ai hku akyu jaw ai majaw, masha law law a myit lawm ai lam hpe lu la sai. Raitim, ndai arung arai gaw, grau nna nbung katsi ai shara ni hta, shi a cycle galaw ai lam grai hkrat sum mat ai majaw, n mai gram lajang lu ai atsam sum mat ai.
lithium-hkum tsup ai mangan - hpe madung tawn ai
Lithium manganese oxide hta n-ga, layered lithium-law ai manganese- hpe madung tawn ai arung arai ni gaw, lithium{2}}ion battery ni a matu pru wa nga ai cathode arung arai langai hku nna, masha law law a myit hpe htuk shapraw ya nga ai.
Lithium{0}}law ai manganese - hpe madung tawn ai cathode arung arai ni a matu hkyen lajang ai ladat ni hta, solid-state ladat, sol{3}}gel ladat, co-precipitation ladat ni lawm ai. Solid-state ladat hta, n-gang oxide hte n-gang carbonate (sh) n-gang hydroxide ni hpe shadawn shadang langai ngai hta hkrak kayau nna, dai hpang, n-gun ja ai solid-state reaction hpe galaw nna, layered lithium-law ai arung arai ni hpe lu la mai ai. Solid-state ladat a akyu ni gaw, layered lithium-law ai arung arai law law hpe shinggyin la lu ai atsam, grai loi ai hku hkyen lajang ai ladat, manu n law ai ladat ni rai nga ai. N kaja ai lam ni gaw, solid-state sintering galaw ai shaloi, solid-state sintering galaw ai shaloi, n bung ai transition metal ni gaw solid-state reaction hta n bung ai diffusion rate ni nga ai majaw, particle ni hpe law law garan pru na matu yak hkak ai lam ni rai nga ai. Dai majaw, synthesized galaw ai arung arai a uniformity n kaja ai majaw, cathode arung arai a bungli galaw ai lam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. Sol-gel ladat hta, shawng nnan e, galai shai ai magri ntsin ntsin hpe integrator langai mi hta bang nna, sol byin hkra galaw ai, dai hpang hka hpe n-gun dat nna gel byin hkra galaw ai, hpang jahtum e, hka hpe katsi hkra galaw nna, layered lithium-law ai arung arai ni hpe lu la na matu galaw ai. Ndai ladat gaw, garan ginhka ai lam langai sha rai nna, san seng ai lam grai law ai arung arai ni hpe lu la shangun nna, galaw shapraw ai electrode ni gaw, kaja ai electrochemical performance hpe madun dan lu ai. Raitim, shi a hkra machyi ai lam ni hta, galaw shapraw ai aten galu ra ai, n-gun dat law law (organic acids (sh) ethylene glycol) ra ai majaw, manu kaba ai. Dai hta n-ga, shapraw ai layered lithium-law ai arung arai ni gaw law malawng gaw n-gun n law ai nano/micron particles ni rai nga ai. Dai majaw, ndai ladat hpe ya aten hta madung hku nna layered lithium-law ai arung arai ni hpe galaw shapraw na matu laboratory setting ni hta jai lang nga ai rai nna, hpaga yumga galaw na matu yak hkak nga ai.
Nikel cathode arung arai ni tsaw ai
Hpaji ninghkring ni gaw, cathode hpe galaw shapraw ai shaloi, n-gun ja ai -temperature n-gun hte kaja dik ai rate performance hpe madung yaw shada ai lam hku nna, aten na na tam nga ma ai.
lithium-ion batteri ni a matu ra ai arung arai ni. Madung arung arai masum hta na - LiCoO2, LiNi164CooMnO2 (NCM), hte LiFePO4 - NCM gaw, shi a grau nna myit mada shara nga ai cathode arung arai langai hku sawn la hkrum ai, hpa majaw nga yang, shi a grai tsaw ai specificed capacity hte shingdaw yang, manu jahpu n law ai arung arai ni a majaw, grau nna myit mada shara nga ai. LiCoO2, hte htunghking arung arai ni hta grau nna grup yin hpe makawp maga ya lu ai hte manu jahpu grau kaja ai.
Ndai zawn re ai arung arai gaw -NaFeO2-hpan layered crystal hkrang hte bung nna R-3m lamu ga hpung hta lawm ai. Ndai myit masa hpe shawng nnan Liu et al. 1999 ning hta, cathode arung arai masum - lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2), hte lithium manganese oxide (LiMnO2) ni a akyu ara ni hpe hpaji rawng ai hku hpawng de da nna, langai hkrai a matu n-gun jaw ai lam ni hpe hkrak hkrak gram lajang ya ai. Transition metal elements ni a ratio hpe gram lajang ai hku nna, laksan atsam, shingjawng ai lam, shim lum lam, manu jahpu ni a lapran hta kaja dik ai rap ra lam hpe grau nna lu la mai ai.
Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) ternary cathode arung arai a kristal hkrang gaw madung hku nna LiCoO2 hte maren sha rai nna, lahkawng yan gaw hexagonal layered hkrang hta lawm ai.
